النظرية والتطبيق

إدخال وإخراج البيانات

المهام

الشروط

المهام

حلقة for

المهام

السلاسل النصية

المهام

حلقة while

المهام

القوائم

المهام

مصفوفات ثنائية الأبعاد

المهام

القواميس

المهام

المجموعات

المهام

الدوال والتكرار

المهام

درس 3. FOR cycle

الصعوبة:

مسألة«مهمة برمجة: المصعد»

💻 Python

دخلت المصعد في الطابق صفر من المبنى المكتبي وضغطت على زر الطابق الذي تحتاجه. لكن لسوء الحظ — تبين أن المصعد غريب بعض الشيء. فبدلاً من الوصول إلى الهدف بصمت، تعرض شاشته وتعلن بصوت عالٍ كل طابق يمر به.

المهمة:
اكتب برنامجًا يحاكي رحلة في مثل هذا المصعد. يجب أن يطلب البرنامج من المستخدم رقم الطابق المطلوب (عدد صحيح موجب). ثم يجب أن يعرض أرقام جميع الطوابق التي يمر بها المصعد صعودًا، بدءًا من 0. لا حاجة لعرض الطابق النهائي، لأنه عندما يصل المصعد، تفتح أبوابه ببساطة.

إذا أدخل المستخدم 0 أو رقمًا سالبًا، يجب ألا يتحرك المصعد إلى أي مكان، ويجب أن يخبر البرنامج بذلك.

للإشارة: استخدم البيانات، إدخال البيانات الشرطي، العامل الشرطي if والحلقة for .

تنسيق الإدخال

الطابق الهدف (عدد صحيح). يقوم المستخدم بإدخال رقم واحد يشير إلى الطابق الذي تحتاج إلى الصعود إليه.

تنسيق الإخراج

رسائل حول الطوابق التي يتم المرور بها (سطر). في كل سطر جديد، يتم عرض معلومات عن الطابق الحالي. أو رسالة واحدة تفيد بأن المصعد لا يتحرك.

مثال

إدخال

إخراج

الطابق الحالي: 0
الطابق الحالي: 1
الطابق الحالي: 2
الطابق الحالي: 3
الطابق الحالي: 4
الطابق الحالي: 5

تلميح

Diving into cycles: `for` and `range()`

The for loop is one of the most powerful and frequently used tools in Python. It allows you to repeat (or, as programmers say, iterate) a certain block of code a set number of times. His main idea is to sequentially iterate over elements from a collection (for example, a list of numbers, characters in a string, etc.) and perform the same action for each element.

The basic syntax looks like this:

for element in sequence:
    # a block of code that will be repeated

Here, the sequence can be not only numbers, but also, for example, a list of strings or just a string.

# Example of iterating through a list
for fruit in ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]:
print(fruit)

# Example of line iteration
for letter in "Python":
print(letter)

Generating sequences with `range()`

We often need to execute the code a certain number of times. The range() function is ideal for this, which creates a sequence of numbers. For example, range(5) creates a sequence from 0 to 4 (i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4).

Combining for and range(), we get a classic construction for repetitions.:

for i in range(number):
    # code block

Let's analyze this construction:

for is the keyword that tells Python that we are starting a cycle.
i is a counter variable. At each step of the cycle, it will take the next value from the sequence. A useful tip: the variable name can be anything (i, j, k - these are generally accepted conventions for simple counters), but if you are going over something specific, it is better to give a meaningful name. for example for student in students:.
in is the keyword that binds the counter variable and the sequence.
range(number) calling a function that creates a sequence of integers from 0 to number - 1. It is important to remember that the upper bound is not included.
The code block (indented) is the commands that you want to execute for each number in the sequence.

Practical examples

Output of numbers from 0 to 4

for i in range(5):
    print(i)
# output: 0
# output: 1
# output: 2
# output: 3
# output: 4

range(5) creates an invisible sequence for us: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
The for loop assigns each of these values to the i variable in turn.
print(i) prints the current value of i at each step.

Re-executing the code 5 times

for i in range(5):
print("Hello world!")
# output: Hello world!
# conclusion: Hello, world!
# conclusion: Hello, world!
# conclusion: Hello, world!
# conclusion: Hello, world!

range(5) creates the sequence again 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
The for loop goes through each of these numbers, but in this case we don't use the value of the i variable inside the loop. We just use the loop as a counter to run print("Hello, world!") exactly 5 times.

Summation of numbers from 0 to 4

amount = 0 # 1. Creating a "piggy bank" for the amount
for i in range(5):
    #2. At each step, we add the current number to the piggy bank
    sum += i
print(sum) # 3. We show what has accumulated in the end
# output: 10

amount = 0 initialize the variable amount. This is a critical step.
range(5) creates a sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
The for loop runs through each number. In the first step, the sum becomes 0 + 0 = 0. On the second one, 0 + 1 = 1. On the third one, 1 + 2 = 3. On the fourth floor, 3 + 3 = 6. On the fifth - 6 + 4 = 10.
sum +=i is a shortened and more "pythonic" notation for sum = sum + i. It increases the value of sum by the current value of i.
print(amount) outputs the total amount after the cycle is completely completed.

Flexibility `range()`: parameters start, stop, step

The range() function can take up to three parameters: start (start), stop (end) and step (step).

range(stop): creates a sequence from 0 to stop - 1.
range(start, stop): creates a sequence from start to stop - 1.
range(start, stop, step): creates a sequence from start to stop - 1 in step increments.

A useful tip: The step may be negative. This allows you to generate sequences in reverse order. In this case, the start value should be greater than stop.

range(5) -> 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
range(2, 6) -> 2, 3, 4, 5
range(1, 10, 2) -> 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
range(5, 0, -1) -> 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

What are increment and decrement?

An increment is simply an increase in the value of a variable, usually by 1. A decrement is a decrease in the value of a variable, usually by 1.

Some programming languages have special operators ++ and --, but Python does not have them. Instead, more explicit and flexible assignment operators with the operation are used.

Increment in Python: operator `+=`

We can easily increase the value of a variable using +=.

number = 5
# Increasing the value of the variable by 1
number += 1
print(number) # will output 6

the number = 5 sets the initial value.
number += 1 is an elegant shorthand for number = number + 1. She says, "take the current value of the number, add 1 to it, and write the result back to the number."

Decrement in Python: operator `-=`

Similar to increment, the -= operator is used for decrement.

number = 5
# Reducing the value of a variable by 1
number -= 1
print(number) # will output 4

the number = 5 sets the initial value.
number -= 1 is an abbreviation for number = number - 1.

Other useful operators

This principle works with all basic mathematical operations in Python. Instead of the number on the right, there may be another variable (a +=b).

a = 10
a += 5 # Equivalent to a = a + 5 (a will become 15)
a -= 3 # Equivalent to a = a - 3 (a will become 12)
a *= 2 # Equivalent to a = a * 2 (a will become 24)
a /= 4 # Is equivalent to a = a / 4 (a will become 6.0)
a %= 5 # Is equivalent to a = a %5 (a will become 1.0, the remainder of dividing 6 by 5)
a //= 3 # Is equivalent to a = a // 3 (a will become 0.0, integer division of 1 by 3)

Key ideas and useful tips

The for loop is designed to iterate through elements in any sequence (lists, strings, range, etc.).
The range() function is your main tool for creating sequences of numbers for loops. Remember that it does not include an upper bound!
Increment (+=) and decrement (-=) are the standard and preferred way to change numeric variables in Python.
Meaningful names. Give the loop variables understandable names (for book in books:), it makes the code much more readable.
Practice is the key to success! Try writing loops to solve different problems: find the sum of even numbers, print the multiplication table, and print a ladder of symbols.

main.py

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اختبار 9

اختبار 10

حل المطور

# Запрашиваем у пользователя номер этажа назначения
target_floor = int(input())

# Проверяем, является ли введенное число корректным (положительным)
if target_floor <= 0:
    # Если этаж 0 или отрицательный - лифт никуда не едет
    print("Лифт никуда не едет.")
else:
    # Лифт начинает движение с 0 этажа
    # Используем цикл for для перебора всех этажей от 0 до target_floor включительно
    for current_floor in range(target_floor + 1):
        # Выводим информацию о текущем этаже
        print(f"Текущий этаж: {current_floor}")