النظرية والتطبيق

إدخال وإخراج البيانات

المهام

الشروط

المهام

حلقة for

المهام

السلاسل النصية

المهام

حلقة while

المهام

القوائم

المهام

مصفوفات ثنائية الأبعاد

المهام

القواميس

المهام

المجموعات

المهام

الدوال والتكرار

المهام

درس 7. Two -dimensional arrays

الصعوبة:

مسألة«المصروفات الشهرية»

💻 Python

تعمل كمحلل في عائلة صغيرة وترغب في أتمتة عملية حساب المصروفات الشهرية. لديك جدول عبارة عن مصفوفة حيث يمثل كل صف أسبوعًا من الشهر، وكل عمود يومًا من أيام الأسبوع. تشير كل خلية إلى المبلغ الذي تم إنفاقه على المنتجات في ذلك اليوم. مهمتك هي كتابة برنامج يستقبل هذا الجدول كمدخل ويحسب إجمالي مبلغ المنتجات للشهر.

تنسيق الإدخال

السطر الأول يحتوي على عددين صحيحين & nbsp; n & nbsp; m ، مفصولين بمسافة حيث & nbsp; n & nbsp; & ndash; عدد الأسابيع في الشهر (عدد أسطر المصفوفة)، و & nbsp; m & nbsp; & ndash; عدد الأيام في الأسبوع (عدد أعمدة المصفوفة). الأسطر & nbsp; n & nbsp; التالية تحتوي كل منها على & nbsp; m من الأعداد الصحيحة مفصولة بمسافات، وهي مصفوفة مخرجات المنتجات

تنسيق الإخراج

رقم واحد & ndash; إجمالي تكاليف الطعام شهريًا

مثال

إدخال

3 7
100 50 75 120 80 60 90
110 40 65 130 90 70 100
90 60 85 110 70 50 80

إخراج

1955

تلميح

min function

The min() function is your tool for quickly searching for the smallest element of several values or within a collection.

Syntax

min(iterable, *[, key, default])
min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

iterable: An iterable object (for example, a list, tuple, string, set).
arg1, arg2, *args: One or more arguments passed directly for comparison.
key (optional): A function that is applied to each element before comparison. The minimum will be searched based on the results of this function.
default (optional): The value that will be returned if iterable is empty. If default is not specified, an attempt to find the minimum in an empty collection will cause the error ValueError.

Usage examples

With a single iterable object:

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9]
print(min(numbers))  # Output: 1

With multiple arguments:

print(min(3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)) # Output: 1

With the key parameter: Searching for an element by any of its properties.

words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# Finding the word with the shortest length
print(min(words, key=len))  # Output: 'apple'

With the default parameter: Safe handling of potentially empty collections.

empty_list = []
print(min(empty_list, default="empty"))  # Output: 'empty'

Useful tips and subtleties:

Comparing different types: Incomparable data types, such as a number and a string, cannot be compared. min(5, "hello") will cause the error TypeError.
How the key works: It is important to understand that key only changes the value for comparison, but returns the original element. In the example min(words, key=len), the lengths (5, 6, 6) are compared, but the word 'apple' itself is returned.
Using lambda functions with key: For complex comparisons, it is convenient to use anonymous lambda functions. For example, to find a dictionary with the minimum value by the key 'age':
```
people = [{'name': 'John', 'age': 25}, {'name': 'Jane', 'age': 22}]
print(min(people, key=lambda person: person['age']))  # Output: {'name': 'Jane', 'age': 22}
```
String comparison: The strings are compared lexicographically (in alphabetical order). min("a", "b", "A") returns 'A', since capital letters have a smaller code in the symbol table.

Function `max()`

The max() function works similarly to min(), but returns the largest element from the passed arguments or collection.

Syntax

max(iterable, *[, key, default])
max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

The parameters (iterable, arg1, arg2, *args, key, default) have the same value as in the min() function.

Usage examples

With a single iterable object:

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9]
print(max(numbers))  # Output: 9

With multiple arguments:

print(max(3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)) # Output: 9

With the key parameter:

words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# Finding the word with the longest length
print(max(words, key=len))  # Output: 'banana'

With the default parameter:

empty_list = []
print(max(empty_list, default='N/A'))  # Output: 'N/A'

Useful tips and subtleties:

All the tips and subtleties applicable to min() are also relevant for max(): avoid mixing types, use lambda functions for complex keys and keep in mind the default parameter for empty collections.
If there are several identical maximum/minimum elements, the first one is returned. In the example, max(words, key=len) the words "banana" and "cherry" have the same length of 6, but max returns the first encountered 'banana'.

Function `sum()`

The sum() function is used to find the sum of numeric elements in an iterable object.

Syntax

sum(iterable, start=0)

iterable: An iterable object containing numbers (for example, a list, a tuple, a set).
start (optional): The initial value that is added to the total amount. The default value is 0.

Usage examples

Sum of list/tuple/set elements:

numbers_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(sum(numbers_list))  # Output: 15

Using the start parameter:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# We start summing not from 0, but from 10
total = sum(numbers, 10)
print(total) # Output: 25 (10 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)

Application to two-dimensional arrays (lists of lists)

sum() can be effectively used to process matrices, but with one important caveat.

Wrong approach: sum(matrix) will cause the error TypeError, as Python will try to add the initial value 0 with the list [1, 2, 3].

The right approach: You must first calculate the sum of each row, and then add these amounts.

# Two-dimensional array
matrix = [
    [1, 2, 3],
    [4, 5, 6],
    [7, 8, 9]
]

# Sum of all array elements using a generator
total_sum = sum(sum(row) for row in matrix)
print(total_sum) # Output: 45

Useful tips and subtleties:

For numbers only: sum() only works with numeric types (int, float). An attempt to summarize a list of strings (sum(["a", "b"])) will result in a TypeError.
Summation True/False: True is interpreted as 1, and False as 0. This can be used to count the true values in the collection.
```
bools = [True, False, True, True] # 1 + 0 + 1 + 1
print(sum(bools)) # Output: 3
```
"Flattening" the list of lists: The start parameter can be cunningly used to combine lists, although it is less readable and efficient than other methods.
```
list_of_lists = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]
flat_list = sum(list_of_lists, [])
print(flat_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
```
Warning: This method is not recommended for large lists due to poor performance.