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Lektion 3. FOR cycle
Schwierigkeit:
Aufgabe«Verteilung der Lehrbücher»
💻 Python
Hallo! Ich bin der Älteste unserer Klasse. Am Ende des Schuljahres muss ich alle Lehrbücher von meinen Mitschülern einsammeln und in der Bibliothek abgeben. Laut den Regeln muss jeder Schüler genau 10 Lehrbücher abgeben.
Ich brauche ein Programm, das mir hilft, Buch zu führen. Das Programm soll zuerst abfragen, wie viele Schüler heute insgesamt Lehrbücher abgeben. Dann soll es nacheinander für jeden Schüler abfragen, wie viele Lehrbücher er mitgebracht hat.
Nachdem der Schüler die Anzahl seiner Lehrbücher eingegeben hat, soll das Programm ihm sofort eine Rückmeldung geben:
- Wenn er genau 10 Lehrbücher abgegeben hat, soll es ihn loben.
- Wenn er weniger als 10 abgegeben hat, soll es sagen, wie viele Lehrbücher er noch nachreichen muss.
- Wenn er mehr als 10 abgegeben hat, soll es melden, dass er zu viele abgegeben hat.
Parallel dazu soll das Programm die Gesamtzahl aller eingesammelten Lehrbücher berechnen. Wenn die Befragung aller Schüler abgeschlossen ist, soll das Programm die endgültige Anzahl der gesammelten Bücher ausgeben.
Eingabeformat
Erste Zeile: die Anzahl der Schüler in der Klasse (eine ganze Zahl).
Nachfolgende Zeilen: die Anzahl der Lehrbücher, die jeder Schüler abgibt (eine ganze Zahl). Jede Zahl wird in einer neuen Zeile innerhalb der Schleife eingegeben.
Ausgabeformat
Während der Schleife: die Nachricht für jeden Schüler über den Status der Abgabe seiner Lehrbücher (Zeile).
Nach Abschluss der Schleife: die abschließende Nachricht mit der Gesamtzahl der eingesammelten Lehrbücher (Zeile).
Beispiel
Eingabe
3
10
8
11
Ausgabe
Gut gemacht, alle Lehrbücher sind am richtigen Platz!
Du hast nicht alle Lehrbücher abgegeben. Fehlend: 2
Du hast zusätzliche Lehrbücher abgegeben! Zusätzlich: 1
Gesamtzahl der Lehrbücher: 29
Hinweis
Basics of the forcycle
The for loop in Python is your main tool for iterating through elements in any sequence. Imagine that you have a box with different items. The for loop allows you to take one item at a time, do something with it, and move on to the next until the items in the box run out.
It is used to iterate over sequences such as lists, strings, tuples, sets, or even keys in a dictionary. The same block of code is executed for each element of the sequence.
Syntax:
for element in sequence:
# a block of code that will be executed for each element
# IMPORTANT: this block must be indented!
Here, the element is a temporary variable that is assigned a different value from the sequence at each iteration. You can name this variable any way you want, but it's better to choose a meaningful name (for example, fruit for a list of fruits or letter for a string).
Iterating through the list
A list is an ordered collection of items. The for loop will run through it from the first element to the last.
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
for fruit in fruit:
print(fruit)
Conclusion:
apple
banana
cherry
Iterating over the line
A string is, in fact, a sequence of characters. Therefore, the for loop can iterate over it just as easily.
word = "Python"
for a letter in a word:
print(letter)
Conclusion:
P
y
t
h
o
n
Cycle control: break and continue
Sometimes you don't have to go through the whole cycle to the end. There are special operators for this.
The break operator
The break operator is used to immediately and completely terminate the loop. As soon as the program encounters a break, it immediately exits the loop and continues execution from the next line of code after it.
A useful tip: break is indispensable when you are looking for something. Once you've found what you're looking for, there's no point in continuing the search.
Example: We have a list of numbers, and we want to find the first even number and stop the loop as soon as it is found.
numbers = [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10]
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0: # Check for parity
print(f"The first even number is found: {num}")
break # Immediately exit the loop
print("The loop is completed.")
Conclusion:
The first even number was found: 6
The cycle is completed.
Please note that the numbers 7, 9, and 10 were not checked, as the cycle was interrupted by the number 6.
The continue operator
The continue operator is used to skip the current iteration and immediately move on to the next one. All the code that is in the loop after continue will not be executed for the current element.
A useful tip: continue is very convenient for "filtering" data inside a loop. If the current item doesn't suit you by some criterion, you just skip it and move on to the next one.
Example: We have a list of numbers, and we want to output all the numbers except the even ones.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0: # Check for parity
continue # If the number is even, skip print() and go to the next number.
print(num)
Conclusion:
1
3
5
7
9
When num was equal to 2, 4, 6, etc., the if condition was met, continue skipped the print(num) command, and the loop immediately started a new iteration.
The difference between break and continue is in a nutshell
break: "Stop, car!". Stops the cycle completely.continue: "This one doesn't fit, let's do the next one!". Skips only the current step.
The else block in the for
loop
The for loop may have an optional else block. This block is executed only if the loop has completed all its iterations naturally, that is, it has not been interrupted by the break operator.
A useful tip: It is a very powerful tool for search tasks. The else block makes it easy to handle a situation where the search has ended but nothing has been found.
Example 1: The loop ended normally
for number in range(3):
print(number)
else:
print("The cycle is completed without interruptions.")
Conclusion:
0
1
2
The cycle is completed without interruptions.
Example 2: The loop is interrupted by the break
for number in range(3):
if number == 1:
print("We found 1, we break the loop.")
break
print(number)
else:
# This block will not be executed because there was a break
print("The cycle is completed without interruptions.")
Conclusion:
0
We found 1, we interrupt the cycle.
Practical examples
The sum of all the numbers in the list
This is a classic task for understanding how to work with a cycle and accumulate results.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
amount = 0 # Initialize the variable to store the amount BEFORE the loop
for a number in numbers:
sum += number # At each iteration, we add the current number to the total
print(f' Sum: {sum}') # Output the final result AFTER the loop
Conclusion: Amount: 15
A useful tip: Although this method perfectly demonstrates how the loop works, in real code it is better to use the built-in sum() function to find the sum of the list elements: print(sum(numbers)). It's shorter and more efficient.
Finding the maximum number in the list
Here we assume that the first element is the maximum, and then in the loop we compare it with all the others.
numbers = [1, 7, 3, 9, 5]
maximum = numbers[0] # We take the first element as the temporary maximum
for a number in numbers:
if the number is > maximum: # If we find a number greater than our maximum...
maximum = number # ...then we update the maximum
print(f' Maximum: {maximum}')
Conclusion: Maximum: 9
A useful tip: As with the sum, Python has a built-in function max() for this task: print(max(numbers)). Knowing these functions saves time, but understanding how they work using the for loop is a key skill for a programmer.
main.py
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Entwicklerlösung
# Запрашиваем общее количество учеников, которые будут сдавать учебники
total_students = int(input())
# Создаем переменную для хранения общего количества собранных учебников, начальное значение - 0
total_books = 0
# Устанавливаем норму учебников на одного ученика
required_books = 10
# Запускаем цикл, который повторится для каждого ученика
for i in range(total_students):
# Запрашиваем количество учебников у текущего ученика
student_books = int(input())
# Добавляем сданные книги к общему счетчику
total_books = total_books + student_books
# Проверяем, соответствует ли количество сданных книг норме
if student_books == required_books:
# Если ученик сдал ровно 10 книг
print("Молодец, все учебники на месте!")
elif student_books < required_books:
# Если ученик сдал меньше 10 книг
print(f"Ты сдал не все учебники. Не хватает: {required_books - student_books}")
else:
# Если ученик сдал больше 10 книг
print(f"Ты сдал лишние учебники! Лишних: {student_books - required_books}")
# После того как все ученики сдадут учебники, выводим итоговое количество
print(f"\nВсего собрано учебников: {total_books}")
