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Lektion 3. FOR cycle
Schwierigkeit:
Aufgabe«Labyrinth»
💻 Python
Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie sind & mdash; Ein Abenteurer, verloren in antiken Katakomben. Sie haben eine Karte, die eigentlich nur eine Liste von Bereichen ist, die Sie nacheinander durchqueren. Jeder Abschnitt auf der Karte hat seinen eigenen Namen, zum Beispiel: „Wand“, „Falle“, „leere Halle“ oder, am wichtigsten, „Ausgang“.
rnIhre Aufgabe & mdash; Schreiben Sie ein Programm, das Ihnen hilft, schnell einen Ausweg zu finden. Das Programm soll die Karte (Liste der Orte) der Reihe nach durchgehen. Sobald es einen Ort mit dem Namen „Ausgang“ findet, soll es sofort anhalten und mitteilen, unter welcher Nummer (Index) dieser Ort in Ihrer Liste steht. Wenn Sie die gesamte Karte durchgehen und keinen Ausgang finden, muss das Programm melden, dass der Ausgang nicht gefunden wurde.
Eingabeformat
Die gesamte (Anzahl der Kollisionen von Linien)
Ausgabeformat
eine Zeile mit einer Nachricht über die Ausgabe und deren Nummer (Datentyp: Zeile / string ), oder eine Nachricht, dass die Ausgabe nicht gefunden wurde (Zeile: Zeile / string ).
Beispiel
Eingabe
4
Wand
Falle
Ausgang
Schatz
Ausgabe
Der Ausgang befindet sich im Raum mit der Nummer: 3
Hinweis
Basics of the forcycle
The for loop in Python is your main tool for iterating through elements in any sequence. Imagine that you have a box with different items. The for loop allows you to take one item at a time, do something with it, and move on to the next until the items in the box run out.
It is used to iterate over sequences such as lists, strings, tuples, sets, or even keys in a dictionary. The same block of code is executed for each element of the sequence.
Syntax:
for element in sequence:
# a block of code that will be executed for each element
# IMPORTANT: this block must be indented!
Here, the element is a temporary variable that is assigned a different value from the sequence at each iteration. You can name this variable any way you want, but it's better to choose a meaningful name (for example, fruit for a list of fruits or letter for a string).
Iterating through the list
A list is an ordered collection of items. The for loop will run through it from the first element to the last.
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
for fruit in fruit:
print(fruit)
Conclusion:
apple
banana
cherry
Iterating over the line
A string is, in fact, a sequence of characters. Therefore, the for loop can iterate over it just as easily.
word = "Python"
for a letter in a word:
print(letter)
Conclusion:
P
y
t
h
o
n
Cycle control: break and continue
Sometimes you don't have to go through the whole cycle to the end. There are special operators for this.
The break operator
The break operator is used to immediately and completely terminate the loop. As soon as the program encounters a break, it immediately exits the loop and continues execution from the next line of code after it.
A useful tip: break is indispensable when you are looking for something. Once you've found what you're looking for, there's no point in continuing the search.
Example: We have a list of numbers, and we want to find the first even number and stop the loop as soon as it is found.
numbers = [1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10]
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0: # Check for parity
print(f"The first even number is found: {num}")
break # Immediately exit the loop
print("The loop is completed.")
Conclusion:
The first even number was found: 6
The cycle is completed.
Please note that the numbers 7, 9, and 10 were not checked, as the cycle was interrupted by the number 6.
The continue operator
The continue operator is used to skip the current iteration and immediately move on to the next one. All the code that is in the loop after continue will not be executed for the current element.
A useful tip: continue is very convenient for "filtering" data inside a loop. If the current item doesn't suit you by some criterion, you just skip it and move on to the next one.
Example: We have a list of numbers, and we want to output all the numbers except the even ones.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0: # Check for parity
continue # If the number is even, skip print() and go to the next number.
print(num)
Conclusion:
1
3
5
7
9
When num was equal to 2, 4, 6, etc., the if condition was met, continue skipped the print(num) command, and the loop immediately started a new iteration.
The difference between break and continue is in a nutshell
break: "Stop, car!". Stops the cycle completely.continue: "This one doesn't fit, let's do the next one!". Skips only the current step.
The else block in the for
loop
The for loop may have an optional else block. This block is executed only if the loop has completed all its iterations naturally, that is, it has not been interrupted by the break operator.
A useful tip: It is a very powerful tool for search tasks. The else block makes it easy to handle a situation where the search has ended but nothing has been found.
Example 1: The loop ended normally
for number in range(3):
print(number)
else:
print("The cycle is completed without interruptions.")
Conclusion:
0
1
2
The cycle is completed without interruptions.
Example 2: The loop is interrupted by the break
for number in range(3):
if number == 1:
print("We found 1, we break the loop.")
break
print(number)
else:
# This block will not be executed because there was a break
print("The cycle is completed without interruptions.")
Conclusion:
0
We found 1, we interrupt the cycle.
Practical examples
The sum of all the numbers in the list
This is a classic task for understanding how to work with a cycle and accumulate results.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
amount = 0 # Initialize the variable to store the amount BEFORE the loop
for a number in numbers:
sum += number # At each iteration, we add the current number to the total
print(f' Sum: {sum}') # Output the final result AFTER the loop
Conclusion: Amount: 15
A useful tip: Although this method perfectly demonstrates how the loop works, in real code it is better to use the built-in sum() function to find the sum of the list elements: print(sum(numbers)). It's shorter and more efficient.
Finding the maximum number in the list
Here we assume that the first element is the maximum, and then in the loop we compare it with all the others.
numbers = [1, 7, 3, 9, 5]
maximum = numbers[0] # We take the first element as the temporary maximum
for a number in numbers:
if the number is > maximum: # If we find a number greater than our maximum...
maximum = number # ...then we update the maximum
print(f' Maximum: {maximum}')
Conclusion: Maximum: 9
A useful tip: As with the sum, Python has a built-in function max() for this task: print(max(numbers)). Knowing these functions saves time, but understanding how they work using the for loop is a key skill for a programmer.
main.py
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Entwicklerlösung
a = int(input())
for i in range(a):
if input()=="выход":
print(f"Выход найден в комнате под номером: {i+1}")
break
else:
print("Выход не найден.")
