Why am I getting the error "Indexerror: List Index Out of Range" and how to fix it?

The purpose of creating this question and the answer to it is to summarize all the information related to the error:

  Indexerror:  list  index out of  range   

and also to show how to determine why and where this error arises and give a more or less canonical answer to refer to it in the future.

PS The answer is planned to be supplemented with new examples.