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Lección 2. Conditions
Dificultad:
Tarea«Granja virtual»
💻 Python
El granjero Fyodor decidió contar su granja y colocar todos los animales en tres nuevos corrales espaciosos. La capacidad de cada corral — Exactamente 10 animales.
rnEscriba un programa que ayude a Fedor a determinar rápidamente si hay suficiente espacio para todos. El programa debe preguntar al granjero la cantidad de vacas, ovejas y pollos, y luego informar si pueden colocarse en tres corrales. Si hay lugar, el programa también debe calcular cuántos lugares libres quedarán. Si no hay suficiente espacio, debe indicar cuántos animales no tuvieron espacio.
Formato de entrada
Tres números enteros, cada uno se ingresa desde una nueva línea después de la invitación correspondiente.
Primer número: la cantidad de vacas (entero).
Segundo número: la cantidad de ovejas (entero).
Tercer número: la cantidad de pollos (entero).
Formato de salida
Dos líneas de texto.
Primera línea: la respuesta a la pregunta de si es posible colocar animales (línea). Segunda línea: el número de lugares libres restantes o faltantes (línea).
Ejemplo
Entrada
5
8
10
Salida
Sí, todos los animales pueden colocarse.
Quedarán lugares libres: 7
Pista
Nested conditions
You can nest some conditional statements (if) into others to create more complex and multi-level checks. This is useful when the next action depends on several consecutive conditions.
The key point here is the correct indentation (usually 4 spaces), which shows Python which block of code belongs to which condition.
Example:
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("First check passed: x is greater than 5.")
if x < 20:
print("Second check passed: x is also less than 20.")
else:
print("Second check failed: x is at least 20.")
else:
print("First check failed: x is less than or equal to 5.")
A useful tip: Try not to create too many nesting levels (3 or more). Deeply embedded code becomes difficult to read and understand. Often, complex nesting can be simplified by using logical operators.
Logical operators
Logical operators in Python are used to combine two or more conditions. They allow you to build complex logic without putting conditions into each other. The main logical operators are and, or and not.
| The | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
or |
logical "OR" | Returns True if at least one condition is true. |
and |
logical "And" | Returns True only if both conditions are true. |
not |
logical "NOT" (negation) | Inverts the result: True becomes False and vice versa. |
Examples:
a = 5
b = 7
# and: both conditions must be true
s1 = a > 3 and b < 10 # True and True -> True
# or: at least one condition must be true
s2 = a != 5 or b >= 7 # False or True -> True
# not: inverts the result
s3 = not (a < b) # not (True) -> False
When using and, the result will be true only if both operands are true. When using or, it is sufficient for at least one of the operands to be true. The not operator turns a lie into the truth and vice versa.
Analysis of a complex example:
a, b, c = 7, 10, 11
# Original expression:
print(not(a > 7 and b <= 10) or c != 17)
# Let's take it step by step:
# 1. a > 7 -> 7 > 7 -> False
# 2. b <= 10 -> 10 <= 10 -> True
# 3. (False and True) -> False
# 4. not(False) -> True
# 5. c != 17 -> 11 != 17 -> True
# 6. True or True -> True
# Result: True
A useful tip: To improve readability and avoid errors in complex expressions, always use parentheses () to explicitly specify the order of calculations, even if you remember the precedence of operators (not has the highest priority, then and, then or).
The ternary operator
The ternary operator is a compact way to write a simple if-else condition that returns a value. It allows you to assign a variable a value depending on the condition, and all this in one line.
Syntax: [value if true] if [condition] else [value if false]
Examples:
x = 10
# If x > 5, result will be 100, otherwise 200
result = 100 if x > 5 else 200
print(result) # Will output: 100
y = 20
# Assign the larger of the two values to the variable z
z = x if x > y else y
print(z) # Outputs: 20
# Assign a text value
result_text = "positive" if x > 0 else "non-positive"
print(result_text) # Outputs: positive
A useful tip: The ternary operator is great for simple assignments. However, if the logic becomes more complicated or if, depending on the condition, you need to perform different actions (rather than just return a value), it is better to use a full-fledged if-else construct to preserve the readability of the code.
One-line conditions
If the condition body (if, elif, or else) consists of only one instruction, Python allows you to write it in the same line after the colon.
Example:
x = 10
if x > 5: print("x is greater than 5")
Important style note: Although this notation is syntactically correct, it is often not recommended by the Python Code Style Guide (PEP 8). Placing instructions on a separate line with indentation improves readability and is a generally accepted standard. Use a one-line entry with care, mostly for very simple and obvious actions.
main.py
Prueba 1
Prueba 2
Prueba 3
Prueba 4
Prueba 5
Prueba 6
Prueba 7
Prueba 8
Prueba 9
Prueba 10
Solución del desarrollador
# Запрашиваем у пользователя количество животных каждого вида.
# Функция int() преобразует введенный текст в целое число.
cows = int(input())
sheep = int(input())
chickens = int(input())
# Рассчитываем общее количество животных путем сложения.
total_animals = cows + sheep + chickens
# Определяем общую вместимость всех загонов (3 загона * 10 мест).
total_capacity = 30
# Используем условие if/else для проверки, поместятся ли все животные.
if total_animals <= total_capacity:
# Этот блок кода выполняется, если общее количество животных меньше или равно вместимости.
free_space = total_capacity - total_animals # Вычисляем количество свободных мест.
print("Да, всех животных можно разместить.")
print("Останется свободных мест:", free_space)
else:
# Этот блок кода выполняется, если животных больше, чем мест.
shortage = total_animals - total_capacity # Вычисляем, скольких мест не хватает.
print("Нет, всех животных разместить нельзя.")
print("Не хватает мест:", shortage)
