सिद्धांत और अभ्यास

डेटा I/O

कार्य

शर्तें

कार्य

for लूप

कार्य

स्ट्रिंग

कार्य

while लूप

कार्य

सूचियां

कार्य

2D मैट्रिक्स

कार्य

डिक्शनरी

कार्य

सेट

कार्य

फ़ंक्शन

कार्य

पाठ 7. Two -dimensional arrays

कठिनाई:

कार्य«रेस्तरां में ऑर्डर कम करना»

💻 Python

रेस्तरां "Cozy Corner" में हर दिन रसोइयों के लिए ऑर्डर की एक योजना बनती है। यह योजना एक तालिका के रूप में प्रस्तुत की जाती है जहाँ प्रत्येक पंक्ति एक ऑर्डर है, और प्रत्येक स्तंभ एक सामग्री है। रेस्तरां प्रशासक ने कार्य प्रणाली में थोड़ा बदलाव करने और सभी ऑर्डर में दो विशिष्ट सामग्रियों (स्तंभों) को बदलने का निर्णय लिया। एक प्रोग्राम लिखें जो प्रशासक को संकेतित संख्याओं वाले स्तंभों को बदलकर ऑर्डर योजना को स्वचालित रूप से अपडेट करने में मदद करेगा।

इनपुट फॉर्मेट

पहली पंक्ति: दो पूर्णांक n & nbsp; और & nbsp; m , जहां & nbsp; n & nbsp; & ndash; ऑर्डर की संख्या (तालिका में पंक्तियाँ), और & nbsp; m & nbsp; & ndash; सामग्री की संख्या (तालिका में कॉलम)। rn

अगली & nbsp; n & nbsp; पंक्तियाँ: प्रत्येक पंक्ति में & nbsp; m & nbsp; पूर्णांक होते हैं जो रिक्त स्थान से अलग होते हैं, जो एक ऑर्डर योजना है। प्रत्येक संख्या & ndash; ऑर्डर में विशिष्ट सामग्री की मात्रा।

अंतिम पंक्ति: दो पूर्णांक a & nbsp; और & nbsp; b , एक रिक्त स्थान से अलग, जहां & nbsp; a & nbsp; और & nbsp; b & ndash; वे कॉलम जिन्हें आपस में बदलने की आवश्यकता है (कॉलम 0 से क्रमांकित हैं)

आउटपुट फॉर्मेट

एक अद्यतन ऑर्डर योजना, जहाँ स्तंभ & nbsp; a & nbsp; और & nbsp; b & nbsp; ने स्थान बदल लिए हैं। प्रत्येक पंक्ति में & nbsp; m पूर्णांक होने चाहिए जो रिक्त स्थानों से अलग किए गए हों

उदाहरण

इनपुट

3 4
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
1 2

आउटपुट

1 3 2 4
5 7 6 8
9 11 10 12

संकेत

min function

The min() function is your tool for quickly searching for the smallest element of several values or within a collection.

Syntax

min(iterable, *[, key, default])
min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

iterable: An iterable object (for example, a list, tuple, string, set).
arg1, arg2, *args: One or more arguments passed directly for comparison.
key (optional): A function that is applied to each element before comparison. The minimum will be searched based on the results of this function.
default (optional): The value that will be returned if iterable is empty. If default is not specified, an attempt to find the minimum in an empty collection will cause the error ValueError.

Usage examples

With a single iterable object:

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9]
print(min(numbers))  # Output: 1

With multiple arguments:

print(min(3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)) # Output: 1

With the key parameter: Searching for an element by any of its properties.

words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# Finding the word with the shortest length
print(min(words, key=len))  # Output: 'apple'

With the default parameter: Safe handling of potentially empty collections.

empty_list = []
print(min(empty_list, default="empty"))  # Output: 'empty'

Useful tips and subtleties:

Comparing different types: Incomparable data types, such as a number and a string, cannot be compared. min(5, "hello") will cause the error TypeError.
How the key works: It is important to understand that key only changes the value for comparison, but returns the original element. In the example min(words, key=len), the lengths (5, 6, 6) are compared, but the word 'apple' itself is returned.
Using lambda functions with key: For complex comparisons, it is convenient to use anonymous lambda functions. For example, to find a dictionary with the minimum value by the key 'age':
```
people = [{'name': 'John', 'age': 25}, {'name': 'Jane', 'age': 22}]
print(min(people, key=lambda person: person['age']))  # Output: {'name': 'Jane', 'age': 22}
```
String comparison: The strings are compared lexicographically (in alphabetical order). min("a", "b", "A") returns 'A', since capital letters have a smaller code in the symbol table.

Function `max()`

The max() function works similarly to min(), but returns the largest element from the passed arguments or collection.

Syntax

max(iterable, *[, key, default])
max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

The parameters (iterable, arg1, arg2, *args, key, default) have the same value as in the min() function.

Usage examples

With a single iterable object:

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9]
print(max(numbers))  # Output: 9

With multiple arguments:

print(max(3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)) # Output: 9

With the key parameter:

words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# Finding the word with the longest length
print(max(words, key=len))  # Output: 'banana'

With the default parameter:

empty_list = []
print(max(empty_list, default='N/A'))  # Output: 'N/A'

Useful tips and subtleties:

All the tips and subtleties applicable to min() are also relevant for max(): avoid mixing types, use lambda functions for complex keys and keep in mind the default parameter for empty collections.
If there are several identical maximum/minimum elements, the first one is returned. In the example, max(words, key=len) the words "banana" and "cherry" have the same length of 6, but max returns the first encountered 'banana'.

Function `sum()`

The sum() function is used to find the sum of numeric elements in an iterable object.

Syntax

sum(iterable, start=0)

iterable: An iterable object containing numbers (for example, a list, a tuple, a set).
start (optional): The initial value that is added to the total amount. The default value is 0.

Usage examples

Sum of list/tuple/set elements:

numbers_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(sum(numbers_list))  # Output: 15

Using the start parameter:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# We start summing not from 0, but from 10
total = sum(numbers, 10)
print(total) # Output: 25 (10 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)

Application to two-dimensional arrays (lists of lists)

sum() can be effectively used to process matrices, but with one important caveat.

Wrong approach: sum(matrix) will cause the error TypeError, as Python will try to add the initial value 0 with the list [1, 2, 3].

The right approach: You must first calculate the sum of each row, and then add these amounts.

# Two-dimensional array
matrix = [
    [1, 2, 3],
    [4, 5, 6],
    [7, 8, 9]
]

# Sum of all array elements using a generator
total_sum = sum(sum(row) for row in matrix)
print(total_sum) # Output: 45

Useful tips and subtleties:

For numbers only: sum() only works with numeric types (int, float). An attempt to summarize a list of strings (sum(["a", "b"])) will result in a TypeError.
Summation True/False: True is interpreted as 1, and False as 0. This can be used to count the true values in the collection.
```
bools = [True, False, True, True] # 1 + 0 + 1 + 1
print(sum(bools)) # Output: 3
```
"Flattening" the list of lists: The start parameter can be cunningly used to combine lists, although it is less readable and efficient than other methods.
```
list_of_lists = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]
flat_list = sum(list_of_lists, [])
print(flat_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
```
Warning: This method is not recommended for large lists due to poor performance.