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आपने कार्य को शानदार ढंग से हल किया! यह कठिन था, लेकिन आपने सही उत्तर खोजा। आप प्रोग्रामिंग में महारत के करीब हैं! ऐसे ही जारी रखें।
पाठ 8. Dictionary
कठिनाई:
कार्य«प्रकाशन का वर्ष»
💻 Python
RN
आप & ndash; एक नौसिखिया यात्री हैं और विभिन्न देशों में संवाद के लिए एक छोटा शब्दकोश बनाना चाहते हैं। आपके पास एक शब्दकोश है जिसमें देशों के नाम कुंजियाँ (keys) हैं, और मान (values) & ndash; उस देश की भाषा में अभिवादन हैं। आपको एक प्रोग्राम लिखना है जो उपयोगकर्ता को देश का नाम दर्ज करने की अनुमति देता है, और प्रोग्राम आपके शब्दकोश से उस देश की भाषा में अभिवादन प्रदर्शित करेगा। यदि शब्दकोश में देश मौजूद नहीं है, तो प्रोग्राम को इसकी सूचना देनी होगी।
rn इनपुट फॉर्मेट
देश के नाम वाली एक पंक्ति
इनपुट के रूप में दी जाती है। आउटपुट फॉर्मेट
प्रोग्राम को इस देश की भाषा में एक अभिवादन प्राप्त करना होगा। यदि देश शब्दकोश में नहीं मिलता है, तो संदेश "इस देश के लिए अभिवादन नहीं मिला" प्रदर्शित होगा।
उदाहरण
इनपुट
स्पेन
आउटपुट
नमस्ते
संकेत
Dictionaries in python
Dictionaries in Python are a powerful and indispensable data structure that allows you to store information in the form of key-value pairs. Imagine a real dictionary or phone book: knowing a unique word (key), you instantly find its definition (meaning). Dictionaries simplify organization and, most importantly, provide very fast access to data based on unique keys.
The main characteristics of dictionaries
- The keys are unique: Each key in the dictionary must be unique. Trying to add a key that already exists will simply overwrite its value.
- Changeability: Dictionaries are mutable objects. You can add, modify, and delete key-value pairs after creating a dictionary.
- Disorder (historically): In older versions of Python (before 3.7), dictionaries were considered unordered. However, starting with Python 3.7, they preserve the order in which elements are inserted. You should be careful to rely on this order if your code is supposed to run on older versions.
A useful tip: Only immutable data types such as strings, numbers, or tuples can be used as keys. Lists or other dictionaries cannot be keys, as they can be changed. But you can use absolutely any data type as values: numbers, strings, lists, and even other dictionaries.
Ways to create dictionaries
Dictionaries can be created in several ways:
1. Empty dictionary
my_dict = {}
# or using the built-in function
my_dict = dict()
2. Dictionary with elements (literal method) This is the most common and readable way.
user_profile = {
"username": "alex",
"level": 15,
"items": ["sword", "shield", "potion"]
}
3. Using the dict function with named arguments This method is convenient for simple dictionaries where the keys are strings.
my_dict = dict(key1="value1", key2="value2")
4. Creating tuples (pairs) from a list This method is useful when the data is received as a list of pairs.
pairs = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
my_dict = dict(pairs)
# Result: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
Access to the elements
Dictionary values are accessed through their keys in square brackets.
my_dict = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
print(my_dict["key1"]) # Output: value1
An important point: If you try to access a key that does not exist, Python will cause a KeyError error. To avoid this, use the .get() method.
Secure access using the .get() method The .get() method returns None if the key is not found and does not cause an error. You can also pass the second argument the default value, which will be returned instead of None.
print(my_dict.get("key3")) # Output: None
print(my_dict.get("key3", "not found")) # Conclusion: not found
Changing and adding elements
Adding or changing elements is very simple:
my_dict = {"key1": "old value"}
# Changing an existing element
my_dict["key1"] = "new value"
print(my_dict["key1"]) # Output: new value
# Adding a new element
my_dict["key3"] = "value3"
print(my_dict) # Output: {'key1': 'new value', 'key3': 'value3'}
To combine dictionaries, you can use the .update() method:
dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dict2 = {'b': 3, 'c': 4}
dict1.update(dict2) # Key 'b' will be overwritten, 'c' will be added
print(dict1) # Output: {'a': 1, 'b':3, 'c':4}
Deleting elements
There are several ways to delete items in dictionaries.:
- Using the
del operatorDeletes a key pair. Causes aKeyErrorerror if the key is not found.del my_dict["key1"] - Using the
.pop() methodDeletes an element by key and returns its value. This is useful if you need to use a deleted value. If the key is not found, it will cause aKeyError, but you can pass the default value.my_dict = {'key2': 'value2', 'key3': 'value3'} value = my_dict.pop("key2") print(value) # Output: value2 print(my_dict) # Output: {'key3': 'value3'} - Deleting all elements The
.clear()method clears the dictionary, making it empty.my_dict.clear() print(my_dict) # Output: {}
Iterating through dictionary elements
1. Key iteration This is the default behavior when iterating through the dictionary.
for key in my_dict:
print(key)
2. Iterating through values Use the .values() method if you only need values.
for value in my_dict.values():
print(value)
3. Iterating through key-value pairs This is the most efficient and readable way if you need both keys and values at the same time. Use the .items() method.
for key, value in my_dict.items():
print(f"Key: {key}, Value: {value}")
main.py
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